Purim Which Coincides with Motza’ei Shabbat
Today, the First of Adar, is the second day of Rosh Chodesh Adar. This year, Purim (the 14th of Adar) will fall out on a Sunday. As we all know, Purim is celebrated everywhere on the 14th of Adar besides for walled-cities from the times of Yehoshua bin Nun which celebrate Purim on the 15th of Adar.
Ta’anit Esther Which Coincides with Shabbat
The day of Ta’anit Esther (13 Adar) will coincide with Shabbat this year. Since it is forbidden to fast on Shabbat, it would have been correct to push the fast off until Sunday, as is the case regarding other fasts. Nevertheless, the Rishonim (Agudah and others) write that the Fast of Esther is not considered a calamity such that it should be postponed; on the contrary, it should have been held earlier, i.e. on Friday. However, since our Sages did not want to establish the fast on a Friday due to the honor of Shabbat (see Maharil), they therefore pushed the fast up to the Thursday before, the 11th of Adar. Based on the way Purim falls out this year, we will need to discuss some additional laws of Purim which falls out on Motza’ei Shabbat.
When Adar Begins, Happiness Increases
The Gemara in Masechet Ta’anit (29a) states, “Rabbi Yehuda son of Rav Shmuel ben Shilat taught in the name of Rav: Just as when the month of Av begins our happiness is diminished, so too, when Adar begins our happiness increases. Rav Papa says, therefore, if a Jew has a court case with a gentile pending, he should avoid having it in the month of Av when the Jewish nation’s fortune is down and try to have it held during the month of Adar when the Jewish nation’s fortune is good.”
The source for this is based on a verse in Megillat Esther which states, “And the month which was switched for them from tragedy to joy,” which teaches us that the good fortune of this month brings about salvation and goodness for Israel, for their fortune is very good during this month.
The Question of the Commentaries
We have mentioned in previous years that the commentaries ask: How can the Gemara say that during the month of Adar the fortune of the Jewish people is good if another Gemara (Shabbat 156b) states that the Jewish nation has no fortune, which means that they are not under the influence of various stars and constellations as are the other nations of the world, rather, they under the direct supervision of Hashem. How is it then that our Sages guide us to act based on our fortune?
We have also quoted the Ritba (Rabbeinu Yom Tov ben Avraham) who writes that although the Jewish nation has no fortune, in the months of Av and Adar they are indeed under the influence of the constellations, for this was the way it was decreed by Hashem. He adds that it is possible that the Jewish nation is never under the influence of the constellations and what is meant by the Gemara that Adar is auspicious etc. is that during the month of Adar, good things are decreed upon the Jewish people. (These decrees are directly from Hashem and not based on the constellations or stars, for the Jewish nation is not influenced by them.)
The Meharsha explains that what our Sages meant when they said that “the Jewish nation has no fortune” is that if it was decreed in Heaven that no punishment befall Israel or that a certain good thing happen to them, it will surely happen as such, regardless of any stars or constellations. However, if, G-d forbid, something bad was decreed on a specific person, it will usually befall him during times when his fortune is not the best. Thus, many tragic experiences have befallen the Jewish nation during the month of Av, especially on Tisha Be’av (the Ninth of Av). Similarly, when good things are decreed upon a specific person, they will usually befall him when his fortune is good and the month of Adar is especially auspicious for the Jewish people.
The Disagreement Between the Chatam Sofer and Maran zt”l
However, Hagaon Chatam Sofer writes that this law that a Jew who has a pending court case with a gentile should try to have it fall out during the month of Adar, is halachically incorrect. His reasoning for this is because the Jewish nation has no fortune. It is for this reason that the Rambam omits this Halacha from his great work, for the Halacha is that one should not pay any attention to these matters, as Israel has no fortune.
Maran Rabbeinu Ovadia Yosef zt”l disagrees with this opinion, for it is quite clear from the words of the aforementioned authorities that although the Jewish nation has no fortune, nevertheless, it is still possible that during the month of Adar their overall fortune is better. We can explain that the reason why the Rambam omits this law from his work is because this matter is not of a halachic nature; rather, it is merely a wise piece of advice.
