The Three Day Purim
The days of Purim will fall out next Friday, Shabbat, and the following Sunday, G-d-willing. This year, the Fourteenth of Adar will fall out on Friday and this day is celebrated as Purim in most places around the world. On the other hand, walled cities from the times of Yehoshua bin Nun, especially Jerusalem, celebrate Purim on the Fifteenth of Adar, which will coincide with Shabbat this year. Therefore, some Mitzvot of Purim will be observed on Friday while others will be delayed until Sunday. This is referred to as the “Three Day Purim” which only happens once every few years, as we shall discuss.
In the days of our Sages, up until the days of Hillel Ha’Nassi (grandson of Rabbi Yehuda Ha’Nassi) which was during the Amoraic period, the Jewish nation would sanctify the new moon and would mark Rosh Chodesh based on witnesses who saw the new moon. There was no set calendar, and every month, they decided anew when to proclaim Rosh Chodesh. Thus, Purim could have fallen on Friday or Shabbat fairly often.
Nevertheless, Hillel Ha’Nassi established the Jewish calendar as we know it and therefore, from that time on, Purim only falls on Fridays and Shabbatot very rarely. The next time this will occur is twenty years from now, in the year 5905. By then, G-d-willing Mashiach will already have arrived, and we will have returned to sanctifying the new moon by the testimony of witnesses.
The Mitzvot of Purim
There are four primary Mitzvot on Purim: Megillah reading, Mishloach Manot, Matanot La’Evyonim, and the Purim Feast. Let us now discuss some of the laws of Mishloach Manot.
The Mitzvah of Mishloach Manot
The verse in the Megillat Esther (9, 22) states: “In order to mark them as days of feasting and merriment and sending portions (Mishloach Manot) to one another as well as giving gifts to the poor (Matanot La’Evyonim).” The Gemara in Masechet Megillah (7a) states that “Mishloach Manot” refers to sending two food portions to one person while “Matanot La’Evyonim” refers to giving two gifts to two people, i.e., one gift per person. (This is because “Manot” refers to at least two portions, “Matanot” refers at least two gifts, and “Evyonim” is at least two poor people. The verse does not say, “Sending a portion to one another as well as giving gifts to a pauper”).
The Reason for This Mitzvah
The underlying reason for this Mitzvah is that when one sends one’s friend a gift, one expresses feelings of fondness for him and by doing so, one plants feelings of camaraderie in the friend’s heart for himself as well. Additionally, there are those who truly lack financial means and they may be ashamed to ask for assistance for the necessities of the Purim feast; thus, when one sends one’s friend this “Mishloach Manot” in a respectable fashion, the friend will not be ashamed to accept it at all, and he will thus be able to partake of the Purim feast amid much joy.
Since the fundamental reason for this Mitzvah is to create friendship between man and his fellow, if one sends Mishloach Manot to one’s friend and the recipient does not know who the sender is, the sender has not fulfilled his obligation, for being that the recipient does not know who he received this gift from, there is subsequently no friendly bond formed.
This Mitzvah is different from the Mitzvah of Tzedakah (charity) donated during the rest of the year, regarding Tzedakah, it is most preferable that the recipient does not know who the donor is, and that the donor does not know who the recipient is. However, regarding Mishloach Manot, the recipient must know who has sent him this gift, for only in this way will feelings of friendship enter the recipient’s heart.
The Definition of “Two Portions”
The definition of “two portions” is two different food items or a food item and a beverage, such as cake and a bottle of wine. It is customary nowadays to send various kinds of sweets and one will indeed fulfill one’s obligation in this manner. Women must also send Mishloach Manot to their friends.
Since one of the predominant reasons for Mishloach Manot is for people to have food to eat for the Purim feast, if one sends one’s friend such gifts as clothing or blankets as Mishloach Manot, one has not fulfilled one’s obligation. Even if one sends one’s friend a monetary gift such that he will be able to purchase food with it, he has still not fulfilled his obligation, for one can only do so by sending food items or beverages. Thus, one who sends one’s friend snuff tobacco or cigarettes as Mishloach Manot has not fulfilled his obligation.
